ABSTRACT
Background: There is triad of hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome patients. Management of nephrotic syndrome includes general measures like fluid restriction, emergency albumin transfusions and diuretics that provide symptomatic relief till steroids act. These measures require an assessment of body fluid volume to avoid circulatory failure which is very difficult in these patients because of edema. The objective of the study was to measure and compare the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Index and Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility (IVCC) Index by ultrasound as a measure of body fluid volume status in children with nephrotic syndrome.Methods: The present observational study was conducted in all children of age more than 1 year up to 18 year. There were two groups; group 1 was nephrotic syndrome patients-Initial episode or in relapse and group 2 (Control) was age and sex-matched non-nephrotic children. IVC index and IVCC index were measured and compared in both the groups.Results: Mean value of minimum diameter of IVC during inspiration in cases was 5.91'1.60 mm as compared to 4.53'0.94 mm in controls which was significantly higher in case group {P ?0.0001}. Mean value of IVC index in cases was 0.88'0.20 cm/m2 as compared to 0.93'0.19 cm/m2 in controls which was non-significant. Mean value of IVCC index in cases (35.61'13.68) was significantly less as compared to controls (52.23'2.01) {P ?0.0001}.Conclusions: The present study concluded that IVCC index is better indicator of body fluid volume status in nephrotic patients as compare to IVC index.
ABSTRACT
Background:Chronic mouth breathing in children leads to pathological adaptations in the postural and morphological characteristics of the stomato-gnathic system. Such unfavourable developmental changes predispose the child to many problems, including obstructive sleep apnea, which is now a growing public concern. Hence; we planned the present study to assess breathing pattern among mouth breather child. Methods: 30 children were selcted, 15 of which were mouth breathers (MB) and 15 of which were nose breathers (NB). The age of the patients ranged from 8-10 years. In this study, the following variables of the respiratory cycle were analyzed by the plethysmography: tidal volume (Vt), respiratory frequency ( f ), minute ventilation (VE), ratio of time to peak inspiratory flow to inspiratory time (PifT/Ti), mean inspiratory flow (Vt/Ti), rib cage contribution towards Vt(%RC/Vt), and phase angle (PhAng). Results: A total of 10 subjects were present in both the groups each. The mean age of subjects on group MB was 8.89 years and in group NB was 9.11 years. Number of male patients in group MB was 6 and in group NB was 5. The variables in MB and NB groups were comparable and statistically non-significant. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, this can be concluded that there was no significant difference in the breathing pattern between nose breathers and mouth breather children.